ECHITAB PLUS-ICP ANTIVENOM
PAN-AFRICAN SNAKE ANTIVENOM (ANTI-VIPERID, ANTI-ELAPID), SNAKE ANTIVENOM, EQUINE IMMUNOGLOBULINS
What it does
Antivenom is a treatment used to counteract the effects of venom from snake bites or other venomous creatures.
Commonly used for: snake bites, venomous insect stings, envenomation
Read more in plain English ↓Plain-language summary for general understanding - not medical advice. Always follow your pharmacist/doctor.
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Source: Pharmacy and Poisons Board · fetched 2026-01-28 20:04:23 · updated 2026-08-03 03:13:40
About antivenom
Antivenom is a treatment used to counteract the effects of venom from snake bites or other venomous creatures.
What it treats
- snake bites
- venomous insect stings
- envenomation
How it works
Antivenom works by neutralizing the toxins produced by venomous snakes or insects, helping to prevent or reduce the harmful effects of the venom on the body.
Who it's for
Antivenom is for individuals who have been bitten or stung by venomous animals and are experiencing symptoms of envenomation.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About equine
Equine is a medication derived from horse sources, often used in specific treatments.
What it treats
- certain blood disorders
- specific immune system conditions
How it works
It helps the body manage certain health issues by providing necessary components that may be lacking.
Who it's for
This medication is typically for patients with specific medical conditions that require equine-derived treatment.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins are proteins that help the immune system fight infections and diseases.
What it treats
- infections
- immune deficiencies
- autoimmune diseases
How it works
Immunoglobulins boost the body's immune response, helping to protect against infections and support overall immune function.
Who it's for
They are used for people with weakened immune systems or certain autoimmune conditions.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
About snake
Snake is a substance that may have medicinal properties, but specific details about its use and effects are not provided.
How it works
The exact mechanism of how snake works is not clearly defined.
Who it's for
This information is not specific to any particular group of people.
AI-assisted summary grounded in BNF data - general information only, not medical advice. Always confirm with your pharmacist or doctor.
Clinical monograph: antivenom
Antivenom is a biological product used to treat venomous bites or stings from snakes, spiders, and other venomous creatures. It is produced by immunizing animals, typically horses or sheep, with venom, and then harvesting and purifying the antibodies generated by these animals. Antivenom is specific to the type of venom it neutralizes and is crucial in the management of envenomation, which can lead to severe systemic effects, including organ failure and death.
Indications
- Snake bites
- Spider bites
- Scorpion stings
- Other venomous bites or stings
Dosage
Children: Dosing for paediatric patients is also dependent on the type of venom and the patient's weight. Refer to specific guidelines for the type of antivenom being used.
Adults: Dosing of antivenom varies based on the specific type of venom and severity of envenomation. Refer to specific guidelines for the type of antivenom being used.
Mechanism of action
Antivenom works by binding to the venom components in the bloodstream, neutralizing their toxic effects. The antibodies in antivenom specifically target the venom proteins, preventing them from interacting with host tissues and cells, thus inhibiting the physiological effects of the venom.
Pharmacodynamics
The pharmacodynamics of antivenom involves the immediate neutralization of venom toxins, which reduces their biological activity. The binding of antivenom to venom components can also facilitate their clearance from the body, helping to ameliorate symptoms caused by the envenomation. The effectiveness of antivenom depends on the timing of administration and the amount of venom injected during the envenomation event.
Pharmacokinetics
Antivenom is administered intravenously or intramuscularly, leading to rapid distribution into the bloodstream. The half-life of antivenom varies depending on the specific formulation and the host's immune response. Antivenom is typically metabolized by the reticuloendothelial system, and clearance can be influenced by the patient's age, health status, and the presence of circulating venom.
Adverse effects
- Allergic reactions
- Anaphylaxis
- Fever
- Chills
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Rash
- Injection site reactions
Precautions
- Careful monitoring for signs of allergic reactions
- Use with caution in patients with a history of allergies
- Ensure availability of emergency medical services due to potential severe reactions
Pregnancy
The safety of antivenom during pregnancy is not well established; use only if the benefits outweigh the risks.
Breast-feeding
Caution is advised; the effects on breastfeeding infants are not well documented.
Storage
Store at 2-8°C, protect from light. Do not freeze.
Formulations
- Polyvalent antivenom for snake bites
- Specific antivenom for particular snake species
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: equine
Equine therapy, often referred to as equine-assisted therapy or horseback riding therapy, involves the use of horses as a means of facilitating therapeutic outcomes for various physical, emotional, and psychological conditions. It is used in rehabilitation settings, for children with developmental disorders, and in mental health therapy. The interaction with horses can improve balance, coordination, and emotional well-being, while also providing a unique opportunity for patients to engage in physical activity.
Indications
- Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Anxiety Disorders
- Depression
- Cerebral Palsy
- Physical Rehabilitation
Dosage
Children: Refer to the specific therapeutic regimen determined by a healthcare professional, as equine therapy is individualized based on patient needs.
Adults: Refer to the specific therapeutic regimen determined by a healthcare professional, as equine therapy is individualized based on patient needs.
Mechanism of action
Equine therapy operates on several levels. The physical interaction with horses can enhance gross motor skills and encourage physical fitness. Psychologically, the bond formed between horse and human can foster emotional healing, reduce anxiety, and build confidence. The rhythmic motion of riding has been shown to have a calming effect on individuals, mimicking similar movements to those experienced in a therapeutic setting. Moreover, the social interaction involved in caring for and riding horses may improve communication skills and socialization.
Pharmacodynamics
Equine therapy itself does not involve pharmacological agents; however, it may influence the psychobiological pathways in the body. The interactions evoke hormonal responses that can alter levels of cortisol and adrenaline, enhancing relaxation and reducing stress. The therapeutic environment can also promote the release of endorphins, contributing to a sense of well-being and happiness.
Pharmacokinetics
As equine therapy does not involve drugs, pharmacokinetics is not applicable. However, the effects on the body can vary based on individual patient characteristics, the specific condition treated, and the duration and frequency of the therapy sessions. Factors such as age, physical condition, and psychological state can influence therapeutic outcomes.
Pregnancy
Equine products should be used with caution during pregnancy, as there is limited data on their safety. Consultation with a healthcare professional is recommended.
Breast-feeding
Safety during breastfeeding is not well established; therefore, caution is advised when using equine products in nursing mothers.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins are a class of proteins that function as antibodies in the immune system. They are produced by B cells and play a critical role in identifying and neutralizing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Immunoglobulins can be administered therapeutically to provide passive immunity in various clinical conditions, complementing the body's immune response. They are derived from human plasma and can be used in both intravenous and subcutaneous formulations.
Indications
- Primary immunodeficiency disorders
- Secondary immunodeficiency disorders
- Autoimmune diseases such as Guillain-Barré syndrome
- Myasthenia gravis
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Kawasaki disease
- Infectious diseases requiring passive immunity
Dosage
Children: Refer
Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines, as dosing may vary based on indication, patient weight, and clinical judgment.
Mechanism of action
Immunoglobulins exert their effects primarily through their ability to bind to specific antigens, leading to neutralization of pathogens and facilitating their clearance. They activate complement pathways, enhance phagocytosis by immune cells, and neutralize toxins. Different immunoglobulin classes (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) have varying roles in immune defense, with IgG being the most abundant in serum and crucial for opsonization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Pharmacodynamics
The pharmacodynamic effects of immunoglobulins include enhancement of antibody-mediated immune responses, modulation of inflammatory processes, and provision of immediate passive immunity. They can also lead to the suppression of abnormal immune responses in conditions such as autoimmune diseases. The therapeutic effects vary depending on the specific immunoglobulin preparation and the condition being treated.
Pharmacokinetics
Immunoglobulins are absorbed into the circulation following administration, with the pharmacokinetics influenced by the route of administration. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has a half-life of approximately 21 to 30 days, while subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) has a shorter half-life. They are distributed widely in the extracellular space and are eliminated primarily via catabolism, with renal excretion playing a minor role. The dosing may need adjustments based on the patient's clinical condition and response to therapy.
Contra-indications
- Hypersensitivity to immunoglobulins
- Severe hyperprothrombinemia
- Selective IgA deficiency with a history of hypersensitivity
Adverse effects
- Headache
- Fever
- Chills
- Nausea
- Rash
- Anaphylaxis
- Thromboembolic events
Interactions
- Live vaccines may be less effective when administered concurrently with immunoglobulins
- Caution is advised when administering immunoglobulins with other blood products
Precautions
- Monitor for signs of anaphylaxis during administration
- Use with caution in patients with renal impairment
- Consider risk of thromboembolic events in patients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors
Pregnancy
Immunoglobulins are generally considered safe during pregnancy, but use should be based on a risk-benefit assessment.
Breast-feeding
Immunoglobulins can be used during breastfeeding as they are excreted in breast milk but are not expected to have adverse effects on the infant.
Storage
Store in a refrigerator (2-8°C). Do not freeze. Protect from light.
Formulations
- Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
- Subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG)
- Intramuscular immunoglobulin (IMIG)
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
Clinical monograph: snake
Snake venom is a complex mixture of bioactive molecules produced by snakes, primarily composed of proteins, enzymes, and peptides. The composition varies significantly among species and can have various toxic effects on humans and other animals. Venom can cause a range of symptoms including pain, swelling, necrosis, and systemic effects such as coagulopathy and neurotoxicity. The treatment of snake bites often involves the administration of antivenom, supportive care, and management of complications.
Indications
- Snake bites
- Envenomation
- Antivenom therapy
- Supportive care for systemic effects
Dosage
Children: For snake bites in children, refer to specific antivenom guidelines and local protocols. Dosing is typically adjusted based on weight and severity of envenomation.
Adults: For snake bites, refer to specific antivenom guidelines and local protocols. Dosing varies based on the type of snake, severity of envenomation, and clinical presentation.
Mechanism of action
The mechanisms of action of snake venom components vary widely. Neurotoxins interfere with neurotransmission by blocking acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, leading to paralysis. Hemotoxins can disrupt blood coagulation pathways and damage blood vessels, causing hemorrhage and tissue necrosis. Cytotoxins can cause direct damage to cells and tissues, leading to pain and inflammation.
Pharmacodynamics
The pharmacodynamics of snake venom is characterized by its ability to interact with specific biological targets in the body, leading to a range of toxic effects. For example, neurotoxins can cause rapid onset of muscle paralysis, while hemotoxins can lead to bleeding and organ dysfunction. The effects depend on the dose, route of exposure, and individual susceptibility. The toxicity of snake venom can vary greatly between different species and individual snakes.
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of snake venom is not well characterized due to its complex nature and variability. Generally, venom components are rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream following envenomation. Distribution occurs systemically, affecting various tissues and organs. Metabolism can involve enzymatic breakdown by host tissues, while excretion pathways are not well defined. Severity of symptoms and toxicity can depend on the specific components of the venom and the patient's health status.
Adverse effects
- Local tissue necrosis
- Allergic reactions
- Systemic reactions
- Hemolysis
- Coagulation disorders
Precautions
- Use with caution in individuals with a history of allergic reactions to snake venom
- Monitor for signs of severe allergic reactions
- Assess local tissue condition after envenomation
Pregnancy
Safety during pregnancy is not established; use only if the benefits outweigh risks.
Breast-feeding
Safety during breastfeeding is not established; consult healthcare providers.
Storage
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Specific storage conditions may vary based on formulation.
AI-synthesized from BNF references - general information only, not a substitute for professional medical advice or the current BNF. Verify doses with a pharmacist.
This drug in other countries
The same active ingredient registered across other registries we cover - including different brands.