Tialin 10% Premix

Indications

• Prevention and treatment of scurvy
• Nutritional supplementation in vitamin C deficiency
• Adjunct therapy in the management of certain infections
• Support for immune function
• Antioxidant therapy

Dosage

Children: For children, refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations based on age and indication.

Adults: For adults, the typical oral dose of ascorbate is 500 mg to 1000 mg daily, depending on the indication and individual needs. Higher doses may be used under medical supervision.

Mechanism of action

Ascorbate acts primarily as an antioxidant by donating electrons to free radicals, thus neutralizing them and preventing oxidative stress. It plays a critical role in the hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues in collagen, which is essential for maintaining connective tissue integrity. Additionally, ascorbate is involved in the biosynthesis of catecholamines and various other metabolic pathways.

Pharmacodynamics

Ascorbate exhibits a range of biological effects, including enhancing immune response, reducing inflammation, and promoting wound healing. Its antioxidant properties help protect cells from oxidative damage, while its role in collagen synthesis is crucial for tissue repair and maintenance. Ascorbate also assists in the regeneration of other antioxidants, such as Vitamin E.

Pharmacokinetics

Ascorbate is readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, with absorption efficiency decreasing at higher doses. It is distributed throughout body fluids and tissues, particularly in leukocytes, adrenal glands, and the brain. The renal clearance of ascorbate is dose-dependent, with excess amounts being excreted in urine. The half-life of ascorbate in plasma is approximately 16 to 24 days, although it can vary based on overall body stores and dietary intake.

Pregnancy

Ascorbate is generally considered safe during pregnancy, but high doses should be avoided unless prescribed by a healthcare professional.

Breast-feeding

Ascorbate is excreted in breast milk; however, it is generally considered safe for breastfeeding mothers when taken in recommended doses.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from light. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• {'name': 'Ascorbic Acid', 'dosage_form': 'Tablet', 'strength': 'Various strengths available'}
• {'name': 'Ascorbic Acid', 'dosage_form': 'Powder', 'strength': 'Various strengths available'}
• {'name': 'Ascorbic Acid', 'dosage_form': 'Injection', 'strength': 'Various strengths available'}

Indications

• Gastrointestinal disturbances
• Toxin adsorption in cases of poisoning
• Diarrhea
• Gastroenteritis

Dosage

Children: Refer to the specific product guidelines or consult clinical resources for dosing recommendations.

Adults: Refer to the specific product guidelines or consult clinical resources for dosing recommendations.

Mechanism of action

Bentonite works by adsorbing toxins and pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract. The high surface area and negative charge of bentonite particles attract positively charged ions, allowing it to bind to various substances, including bacteria and toxins, thereby facilitating their removal from the body.

Pharmacodynamics

Bentonite's pharmacodynamic properties are largely attributed to its adsorptive capacity. It can effectively bind to various drugs and toxins, reducing their bioavailability. This property makes it useful in treating cases of poisoning or overdose, as it can prevent the absorption of harmful substances in the intestines.

Pharmacokinetics

Bentonite is not absorbed systemically. After oral administration, it remains in the gastrointestinal tract where it exerts its effects. The clay is eventually excreted in the feces. The onset of action can vary depending on the formulation and the presence of other substances in the gastrointestinal tract.

Adverse effects

• Constipation
• Abdominal discomfort
• Nausea

Interactions

• May reduce the absorption of other medications when taken concurrently

Precautions

• Use with caution in patients with gastrointestinal obstructions
• Ensure adequate hydration to prevent constipation

Pregnancy

Bentonite is generally considered safe during pregnancy; however, clinical data is limited.

Breast-feeding

Bentonite is likely safe during breastfeeding, but consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Powder
• Capsules
• Suspension

Indications

• Oxidative stress-related conditions
• Inflammatory conditions
• Potential anti-aging applications
• Vascular health enhancement

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product formulations and guidelines, as dosing can vary based on the concentration of hydrogen in the product used.

Adults: Refer to specific product formulations and guidelines, as dosing can vary based on the concentration of hydrogen in the product used.

Mechanism of action

Molecular hydrogen acts primarily as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. It is believed to exert its beneficial effects through the activation of the Nrf2 pathway, which enhances the expression of antioxidant enzymes and protects cells from oxidative stress. Hydrogen-rich environments have been shown to mitigate the harmful effects of various toxins on human umbilical vein endothelial cells, thereby promoting vascular health and longevity.

Pharmacodynamics

Hydrogen's pharmacodynamic properties are linked to its role as a potent antioxidant, which reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulates inflammation. It has been documented to counteract cellular senescence in endothelial cells, thereby maintaining vascular integrity and promoting overall health. The long-lasting effects of hydrogen exposure can be observed even after its concentration in the medium has decreased, suggesting a sustained activation of protective cellular pathways.

Pharmacokinetics

Hydrogen is a gaseous molecule that diffuses rapidly across biological membranes. Its absorption and distribution in the body are influenced by the method of administration, with hydrogen-rich water being a common delivery form. Once in the bloodstream, hydrogen is quickly utilized by tissues, and its concentration diminishes rapidly, with a half-life that can vary based on conditions. The elimination of hydrogen primarily occurs via exhalation, making it a non-toxic molecule with a favorable safety profile.

Pregnancy

Hydrogen is generally considered safe during pregnancy, but it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider for specific recommendations.

Breast-feeding

Hydrogen is considered safe during breastfeeding, but as with any substance, it is recommended to discuss with a healthcare provider.

Storage

Hydrogen should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources, in appropriate gas cylinders designed for compressed gases.

Formulations

• Hydrogen gas (H2)
• Hydrogen-rich water

Mechanism of action

Hydrogenphosphate acts as a substrate for various enzymatic reactions where phosphate groups are transferred or incorporated into organic molecules. It is involved in metabolic pathways such as nicotine biosynthesis and NAD/NADH cycling, facilitating biochemical reactions that are vital for cellular function.

Pharmacodynamics

Hydrogenphosphate is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis. It regulates acid-base balance and is involved in energy metabolism. The phosphate groups it provides are integral to the structure and function of ATP, which is the primary energy currency of the cell. Additionally, hydrogenphosphate influences signal transduction pathways through phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes.

Pharmacokinetics

Hydrogenphosphate is readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. Its elimination primarily occurs through renal excretion, where it is filtered and reabsorbed by the kidneys. The balance of hydrogenphosphate levels is tightly regulated by various physiological mechanisms to ensure proper metabolic function.

Pregnancy

There is limited information regarding the safety of hydrogenphosphate in pregnancy. Consult relevant guidelines and consider potential risks versus benefits.

Breast-feeding

Data on the excretion of hydrogenphosphate in human milk are not available. Caution is advised.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Ensure containers are tightly closed.

Indications

• Nutritional support
• Source of carbohydrates
• Dietary fiber source
• Animal feed

Dosage

Children: As with adults, there are no specific dosing recommendations for maize for children. It can be introduced into the diet in age-appropriate forms and quantities, keeping in mind the overall dietary balance.

Adults: There are no specific dosing recommendations for maize as it is typically consumed as part of a balanced diet. It can be included in daily meals in various forms such as whole kernels, flour, or as part of dishes.

Mechanism of action

Maize primarily acts as a source of energy due to its high carbohydrate content. The complex carbohydrates in maize are broken down into glucose, which is then utilized by the body for energy production. It also contributes to dietary fiber intake, which can aid in digestive health and regulation of blood sugar levels.

Pharmacodynamics

The consumption of maize influences blood glucose and insulin levels due to its carbohydrate content. It has a relatively low glycemic index when consumed in whole form, which can help in managing blood sugar levels. The dietary fiber present in maize can also promote satiety and aid in weight management.

Pharmacokinetics

The digestion of maize begins in the mouth with salivary amylase breaking down starches into simpler sugars. In the stomach and small intestine, enzymes further break down these carbohydrates. The resultant glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream, where it is transported to cells for energy production. The absorption rate can vary based on the form of maize consumed (e.g., whole kernels versus processed forms).

Pregnancy

Maize is generally considered safe for consumption during pregnancy as it is a staple food and provides essential nutrients.

Breast-feeding

Maize is safe to consume while breastfeeding and can provide important nutrients to both the mother and the infant.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from moisture and pests. Properly sealed containers can help prolong shelf life.

Formulations

• Whole maize grains
• Maize flour (cornmeal)
• Maize starch
• Maize oil

Indications

• Nutritional supplementation
• Energy source in enteral nutrition
• Excipient in pharmaceutical formulations

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific guidelines or product inserts for dosing information, as it can vary based on the context of use.

Adults: Refer to specific guidelines or product inserts for dosing information, as it can vary based on the context of use.

Mechanism of action

Starch is broken down into glucose units by enzymes such as amylase during digestion. The glucose is then absorbed in the intestines and utilized for energy production in the body's cells. This pathway involves hydrolysis of the glycosidic bonds, converting starch into simpler sugars.

Pharmacodynamics

Starch primarily serves as an energy source. Its digestion and absorption lead to an increase in blood glucose levels, which provides energy for metabolic processes. In this context, it plays a crucial role in maintaining energy homeostasis in the body.

Pharmacokinetics

Starch is not absorbed in its polymeric form; it must first be enzymatically hydrolyzed into simpler sugars such as maltose and glucose. The digestion and absorption of starch occur predominantly in the small intestine, with glucose being readily absorbed into the bloodstream. The rate of absorption can vary depending on the type of starch and its physical form.

Adverse effects

• Allergic reactions
• Gastrointestinal discomfort
• Diarrhea
• Constipation

Precautions

• Use with caution in individuals with known allergies to starch or starch derivatives
• Monitor for gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with a history of digestive disorders

Pregnancy

Starch is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy. However, it should be consumed in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Breast-feeding

Starch is deemed safe for nursing mothers when used in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from moisture and direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Powder
• Granules
• Tablets
• Suspensions

Indications

• Bacterial infections in livestock
• Respiratory diseases in pigs
• Enteritis in poultry

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for appropriate dosing guidelines in pediatric patients.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing regimens based on the indication and patient characteristics.

Mechanism of action

Tiamulin functions by inhibiting the activity of cytochrome P-450 enzymes, particularly CYP3A4, thereby affecting drug metabolism. This inhibition occurs through the formation of a metabolic intermediate complex that stabilizes CYP3A4 protein, ultimately reducing the mutation frequency associated with aflatoxin B1 in CYP3A4-expressing cells.

Pharmacodynamics

Tiamulin exhibits antibacterial activity by targeting the bacterial protein synthesis process, specifically binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. This action disrupts the translation process, thereby inhibiting the growth of susceptible bacteria. Its effectiveness against anaerobic bacteria and certain gram-positive organisms makes it a valuable treatment option in veterinary medicine.

Pharmacokinetics

Tiamulin is absorbed following oral administration, with its pharmacokinetic profile characterized by variable bioavailability. It is extensively metabolized in the liver, primarily via cytochrome P-450 pathways. The drug has a relatively short half-life, necessitating multiple doses for effective therapeutic outcomes. It is excreted mainly through urine and feces, and its distribution in tissues is influenced by its lipophilic nature.

Pregnancy

Tiamulin should only be used during pregnancy if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

Tiamulin is not recommended during breastfeeding due to the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Mechanism of action

Substantial evidence indicates that molecular hydrogen (H2) has beneficial vascular effects because of its antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, hydrogen-rich water may prove to be an effective anti-aging drink. This study examined the effects of H2 on endothelial senescence and clarified the mechanisms involved. Hydrogen-rich medium was produced by a high-purity hydrogen gas generator. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) for various time periods in normal or hydrogen-rich medium. The baseline H2concentration in hydrogen-rich medium was 0.55 +/- 0.07 mmol/L. This concentration gradually decreased, and H2 was almost undetectable in medium after 12 hr. At 24 hr after TCDD exposure, HUVECs treated with TCDD exhibited increased 8OHdG and acetyl-p53 expression, decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))/NADH ratio, impaired Sirt1 activity, and enhanced senescence-associated beta-galactosidase. However, HUVECs incubated in hydrogen-rich medium did not exhibit these TCDD-induced changes accompanying Nrf2 activation, which was observed even after H2 was undetectable in the medium. Chrysin, an inhibitor of Nrf2, abolished the protective effects of H2 on HUVECs. H2 has long-lasting antioxidant and anti-aging effects on vascular endothelial cells through the Nrf2 pathway, even after transient exposure to H2. Hydrogen-rich water may thus be a functional drink that increases longevity. /Hydrogen-rich water/ Amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides are identified /as a/ cause of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous evidence suggests Abeta-induced neurotoxicity is linked to the stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The accumulation of Abeta-induced ROS leads to increased mitochondrial dysfunction and triggers apoptotic cell death. This suggests antioxidant therapies may be beneficial for preventing ROS-related diseases such as AD. Recently, hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has been proven effective in treating oxidative stress-induced disorders because of its ROS-scavenging abilities. However, the precise molecular mechanisms whereby HRW prevents neuronal death are still unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the putative pathways by which HRW protects against Abeta-induced cytotoxicity /in SK-N-MC cells/. Our results indicated that HRW directly counteracts oxidative damage by neutralizing excessive ROS, leading to the alleviation of Abeta-induced cell death. In addition, HRW also stimulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in a sirtuin 1 (Sirt1)-dependent pathway, which upregulates forkhead box protein O3a (FoxO3a) downstream antioxidant response and diminishes Abeta-induced mitochondrial potential loss and oxidative stress. Taken together, our findings suggest that HRW may have potential therapeutic value to inhibit Abeta-induced neurotoxicity. /Hydrogen-rich water/ The NLRP3 inflammasome, an intracellular multi-protein complex controlling the maturation of cytokine interleukin-1beta, plays an important role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cascades. Recently, the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in macrophages stimulated with LPS has been suggested to act as a trigger during the process of NLRP3 inflammasome activation that can be blocked by some mitochondria-targeted antioxidants. Known as a ROS scavenger, molecular hydrogen (H2) has been shown to possess therapeutic benefit on LPS-induced inflammatory damage in many animal experiments. Due to the unique molecular structure, H2 can easily target the mitochondria, suggesting that H2 is a potential antagonist of mtROS-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Here we have showed that, in mouse macrophages, H2 exhibited substantial inhibitory activity against LPS-initiated NLRP3 inflammasome activation by scavenging mtROS. Moreover, the elimination of mtROS by H2 resultantly inhibited mtROS-mediated NLRP3 deubi

Mechanism of action

The mutation frequency of aflatoxin B1 could be completely inhibited by tiamulin in CYP3A4-expressing cells, but no effect was observed on the mutation frequency of the direct mutagen ethylmethanesulphonate. Western blotting of homogenates of the CYP3A4-expressing cell line showed stabilization of CYP3A4 protein after incubation with tiamulin, supporting the hypothesis that the mechanism of inhibition is by binding of tiamulin to the cytochrome. Tiamulin is a semisynthetic diterpene antibiotic frequently used in farm animals. The drug has been shown to produce clinically important--often lethal--interactions with other compounds. It has been suggested that this is caused by a selective inhibition of oxidative drug metabolism via the formation of a cytochrome P-450 metabolic intermediate complex. In the present study, rats were treated orally for 6 days with tiamulin at two different doses: 40 & 226 mg/kg of body weight. For comparison, another group received 300 mg of triacetyloleandomycin (TAO) per kg, which is equivalent to the 226-mg/kg tiamulin group. Subsequently, microsomal P-450 contents, P-450 enzyme activities, metabolic intermediate complex spectra, & P-450 apoprotein concentrations were assessed. In addition, effects on individual microsomal P-450 activities were studied in control microsomes at different tiamulin & substrate concentrations. In the rats treated with tiamulin, a dose-dependent complex formation as evidenced by its absorption spectrum & an increase in cytochrome P-4503A1/2 contents as assessed by Western blotting (immunoblotting) were found. The effects were comparable to those of TAO. Tiamulin induced microsomal P-450 content, testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylation rate, erythromycin N-demethylation rate, & the ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation activity. Other activities were not affected or decreased. When tiamulin was added to microsomes of control rats, the testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylation rate & the erythromycin N-demethylation were strongly inhibited. It is concluded that tiamulin is a potent & selective inducer-inhibitor of cytochrome P-450. Though not belonging to the macrolides, the compound produces an effect on P-450 similar to those of TAO & related compounds.