ULTRA-LEVULE 250 MG SACHETS

Indications

• Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea
• Acute infectious diarrhoea
• Clostridium difficile infection
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Inflammatory bowel disease

Dosage

Children: Refer to the specific product guidelines for dosing, as it may vary based on formulation and indication.

Adults: Refer to the specific product guidelines for dosing, as it may vary based on formulation and indication.

Mechanism of action

Saccharomyces boulardii exerts its beneficial effects by several mechanisms. It helps to restore the intestinal microbiota balance, enhances the intestinal barrier function, and modulates immune responses. It produces short-chain fatty acids and other metabolites that can inhibit pathogen adherence and growth. Boulardii also stimulates the production of mucin, which is important for maintaining the integrity of the gut lining.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamic properties of Saccharomyces boulardii are primarily related to its ability to interact with the gut microbiota and immune system. It exhibits antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, including Clostridium difficile and Escherichia coli, and can modulate inflammatory responses in the gut. Boulardii is also known to enhance the absorption of nutrients and improve gut motility.

Pharmacokinetics

Saccharomyces boulardii is not absorbed systemically; rather, it acts locally within the gastrointestinal tract. After oral administration, it survives the gastric environment and colonizes the intestines transiently, exerting its effects. The viability of boulardii is critical for its action, and it is typically taken as a live yeast culture. The duration of action is influenced by the intestinal transit time and the presence of competing microorganisms.

Adverse effects

• Gas
• Bloating
• Abdominal discomfort
• Diarrhea

Precautions

• Use with caution in immunocompromised patients
• Consider potential for fungal infections in at-risk populations

Pregnancy

No adequate studies in pregnant women are available, consult healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Generally considered safe, but consult healthcare provider for individual assessment.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place. Keep out of reach of children.

Formulations

• Capsules
• Powder for reconstitution
• Tablets

Indications

• Bacterial infections
• Pneumonia
• Skin and soft tissue infections
• Urinary tract infections

Dosage

Children: Refer to the BNF for Children for specific dosing recommendations for paediatric patients, ensuring adjustments based on age and weight.

Adults: Refer to the BNF for specific dosing guidelines for adults, as doses may vary based on the type and severity of the infection.

Mechanism of action

Cncm exerts its antibacterial effects by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a critical component of the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death. This mechanism is pivotal in treating infections caused by susceptible organisms.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of cncm reveal a concentration-dependent bactericidal effect against susceptible bacterial strains. The compound displays a time-dependent killing profile, whereby the duration of exposure at therapeutic levels correlates with its efficacy. Resistance to cncm can develop through mutations in bacterial cell wall synthesis pathways or through the acquisition of resistance genes.

Pharmacokinetics

Cncm demonstrates moderate absorption when administered orally, with peak plasma concentrations typically occurring within 2 to 4 hours post-administration. The bioavailability may be affected by food intake. The drug is primarily metabolized by the liver and excreted via the kidneys, with a half-life ranging from 4 to 6 hours. Renal impairment may necessitate dosage adjustments due to altered clearance.

Pregnancy

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Use only if potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Breast-feeding

Caution should be exercised when administering this drug to nursing mothers. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Keep out of reach of children.

Indications

• Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
• Acute infectious diarrhea
• Chronic diarrhea in conditions like irritable bowel syndrome
• Maintenance of gut flora during antibiotic therapy
• Prevention of traveler's diarrhea

Dosage

Children: Refer to specific product guidelines for paediatric dosages, as they may vary depending on the formulation and age of the child.

Adults: Refer to specific product guidelines for recommended adult dosages, as they may vary depending on the formulation.

Mechanism of action

Saccharomyces boulardii exerts its effects by promoting gut health through various mechanisms. It enhances the intestinal barrier function, modulates local immune responses, and inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria. It also produces short-chain fatty acids and aids in the maintenance of gut microbiota balance, which can help in reducing diarrhea and improving gut health.

Pharmacodynamics

The pharmacodynamics of Saccharomyces involve its ability to adhere to intestinal mucosa, which helps in restoring the normal flora of the gut. It has been shown to reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea, particularly in cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and infectious diarrhea. Additionally, it may enhance the absorption of nutrients and support the immune system.

Pharmacokinetics

Saccharomyces boulardii is generally not absorbed systemically; instead, it acts locally in the gastrointestinal tract. It survives passage through the stomach and colonizes the intestines, where it exerts its beneficial effects. The viability of Saccharomyces is influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, and the presence of other gastrointestinal microorganisms. Its effects are typically observed within a few days of administration.

Adverse effects

• Gastrointestinal upset
• Bloating
• Gas
• Diarrhea

Interactions

• May interact with antifungal medications
• Potential interactions with immunosuppressive drugs

Precautions

• Caution in patients with compromised immune systems
• Use with caution in patients with a history of yeast allergies

Pregnancy

Limited data available, consult healthcare provider before use.

Breast-feeding

Generally considered safe, but consult healthcare provider.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Formulations

• Capsules
• Tablets
• Powder for oral suspension
• Granules